Production of three-dimensional objects

ABSTRACT

A method of producing a three-dimensional object having selected elements which are colored differently than other elements of the object comprising the steps of: 
     (a) providing a film of a photohardenable composition containing a photoresponsive agent, 
     (b) radiating the film in a cross-sectional pattern of the object to be formed, 
     (c) selectively irradiating one or more portions of the cross-sectional pattern corresponding to the selected elements which are desired to be colored differently with radiation which activates the photoresponsive agent, the photoresponsive agent thereby producing color in or removing color from the selected irradiated portions of the cross-sectional pattern, 
     (d) repeating steps a, b, and c to form successive adjacent cross-sectional pattern of the object, and 
     (e) integrating the cross-sectional patterns together to provide the three-dimensional object, wherein the curing and coloring steps are conducted using actinic radiation.

This is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/643,790, filed May 6, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,677,107, which, in turn, is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/224,503, filed Apr. 7, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No 5,514,519, which, in turn, is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 07/770,123, filed Oct. 2, 1991, now abandoned.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to the preparation of three-dimensional models from tomographic or CAD/CAM data wherein the models include one or more elements or portions which have a distinct color from other elements or portions in the model or which have a distinct texture, resilience or other tactile characteristic from other elements in the model.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Several methods and apparatus have been developed for the production of three-dimensional objects or models by irradiation of compositions which crosslink and solidify upon irradiation. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,041,476 and 4,228,861 to Swainson describe the formation of three-dimensional objects by solidifying each point individually by scanning a volume point by point with intersecting beams of radiation. The Swainson methods are complex and expensive.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,575,330 to Hull describes a method for preparing three-dimensional objects by building up successive thin layers of a solidified photopolymerizable composition. This method has become known as stereolithography. In one embodiment described in the Hull patent, a three-dimensional object is constructed by establishing a thin layer of a photocurable composition on the surface of a platform immersed in a bath of the composition and scanning the layer with a laser beam. The laser controls the X, Y dimension of the model. The Z dimension is controlled by incrementally lowering the platform to greater and greater depths after each successive layer corresponding to a cross-section of the model is polymerized or crosslinked.

Another method for producing three-dimensional objects is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,940,412 to Blumenthal which discloses a method in which hard copy images having transparent and opaque portions are used as a mask in a photographic process to produce layers which are subsequently stacked and attached to produce a three-dimensional object.

Models prepared previously by the foregoing process methods have been essentially homogeneous in color and texture. It would be desirable to prepare models in which selected elements can be distinctly colored or endowed with a distinct texture, resilience or other tactile characteristic.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the present invention, three-dimensional objects having distinctly colored elements or elements having a distinct tactile characteristic are prepared.

In accordance with the invention, photoresponsive agents are incorporated into the photohardenable composition, and as each lamina of the object is formed, the lamina is scanned with radiation which selectively addresses the photoresponsive agent to cause the agent to bleach, colorize, or alter the tactile characteristic of a portion of the model. Scanning to alter the color or tactile characteristic can be conducted before, during or after the exposure which forms the lamina and at the same or a different wavelength than used to polymerize the photohardenable composition. In accordance with a preferred aspect of the invention, the three-dimensional objects are prepared by stereolithography using laser initiated photopolymerization. This process can involve the use of two lasers at two separate wavelengths, the use of one laser at two distinct intensities, or the use of one laser for polymerization and a separate laser for thermal treatment to respectively polymerize and color the model.

There are a number of photochemistries which can be used to color the object. These chemistries can involve a change in the emission spectrum or the absorption spectrum of the photoresponsive agent, as will be discussed below in more detail.

It is a primary object of the present invention to provide a method for preparing an authentically colored three-dimensional object using actinic radiation.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a method for preparing an object having selected elements which exhibit different tactile characteristics than other elements of the object using actinic radiation.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a graph illustrating color optical density for the spiropyran compounds SP1 and SP2 of Examples 1 and 2 as a function of the number of scans.

FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating decay of optical density as a function of time for methyl red 526 and 428 (Ex. 3) and for bromothymol blue 438 and 614 (Ex. 4).

DEFINITIONS

The term "tactile characteristic" is used herein to mean texture, resilience, elasticity, hardness, etc.

The term "element" is used herein to mean any portion of a model such as a tumor within a model of a brain or a ligament within a model of a knee.

The term "X-Y layer" refers to a single cross-section or lamina of a three-dimensional object which is individually scanned or otherwise irradiated and stacked to form a three-dimensional object.

The term "photopolymerize" and "photoharden" include both polymer formation and polymer crosslinking.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

While the invention will be particularly described with respect to its use in conjunction with stereolithography, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the techniques taught herein can also be used to modify other processes for producing three-dimensional objects such as those described in the aforementioned patent to Blumenthal.

The invention will also be described with reference to processes in which the color-determinative or tactile characteristic determinative irradiation step is conducted after the cross-sectional pattern is exposed. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the former step may be conducted before, after or simultaneously with the latter step.

Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that the photoresponsive agents which provide differential absorption or emission coloration of the model can be employed using one exposure or laser to polymerize or crosslink the model and a second laser or exposure to induce the photochromic response, or using a single laser to polymerize the model at a first intensity and using the same laser at a second intensity to induce the photochromic response. The latter system has the advantage that it involves the use of only a single laser and it will be appreciated that this system is easily implemented using highly sensitive photohardenable systems, which can be easily polymerized using a lower intensity laser exposure. As a general rule, agents, such as photoinitiators, used to initiate polymerization will be more efficient than the photoresponsive agents described below so more or different energy will be required to color the model than to form it and coloration will be induced at higher intensities than polymerization.

In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, a photoresponsive material is incorporated into the photohardenable composition. The photoresponsive material may be a photobleachable dye or a colorless dye which is colored by exposure to radiation. After scanning each X-Y layer to harden it, the layer may be scanned using a laser or a focused beam of light or otherwise irradiated to color selected areas of the layer and, hence, selected elements of the three-dimensional object when the X-Y layers are stacked. In stereolithographic processes, the layers are stacked automatically as the platform is lowered in the Z-dimension. In the Blumenthal process, the layers are stacked mechanically. In the case of a photohardenable composition containing a photobleachable dye, the X-Y layer is subsequently exposed in those selected areas in which color is not desired. In the case of a photocolorable agent, those areas of the X-Y layer in which color is desired are subsequently exposed. The photoresponsive agent cannot respond to the wavelength of radiation or level of radiation which is used to harden the X-Y layer. Otherwise, the agent will be colored or bleached as the layer is hardened. Accordingly, a photoresponsive material is selected which is sensitive at wavelengths or intensities which are distinct from the wavelength or intensity of radiation used to harden the X-Y layer. In this manner, by subsequently irradiating those portions of the X-Y layer in which color is desired or not desired, colored elements can be formed in the three dimensional object.

Examples of photoresponsive dyes useful in the aforementioned embodiment of the invention include merocyanine transformations of the benzospiropyrans described in U.S. application Ser. No. 07/649,100 filed Feb. 1, 1991. Photoresponsive compounds include 1,3-dihydro -6',8'-dichloro-1-hexyl-3,3-dimethyl spiro 2H-indole -2,2'- 3H!benzopyran! (SP1) and 1,3-dihydro 6'-nitro-8'-bromo-1-hexyl,3,3-dimethyl spiro 2H-indole-2,2'- 3H!benzopyran! (SP2). The structures of SP1 and SP2 are: ##STR1##

These spiropyran compounds exhibit excellent photochromic responses and rapid transfer to their color form upon irradiation with distinct wavelength of light. The mechanism for the coloration involves the formation of merocyanine as shown in equation (I): ##STR2##

The extent of color formation or color optical density at the equilibrium is dependent on a number of factors: light intensity, quantum efficiency of the coloration reaction, the extinction coefficient of the merocyanine, and the rate of the reverse reaction. Typically, the composition will contain about 0.01 to 2 parts of photoresponsive dye per 100 parts monomer.

Examples of photocolorable dyes useful in the aforementioned embodiment are also well known in the art and include the benzospiropyrans described in U.S. application Ser. No. 07/649,100 filed Feb. 1, 1991.

Photobleachable dyes are also useful photoresponsive agents in the method of this invention and include photooxidizable and photoreducible agents. These dyes include xanthanes, fluorones (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,451,343), triphenylmethanes and others. In photooxidations, these dyes are used in conjunction oxidizing agents such as onium salts (e.g., iodonium salts).

Another photoresponsive composition which can be used to selectively color three-dimensional models is described in co-pending application Ser. No. 08/603,642 filed Feb. 20, 1996, in the name of Ren et al., which is incorporated herein by reference This composition, in its simplest form, includes a color precursor and an onium salt. The composition may further include a hydrogen donor. Excitation of the color precursor followed by oxidation of the excited color precursor by an oxidizing agent such as an onium salt results in the formation of a radical cation which undergoes subsequent reaction to form a colored product. One example of such a subsequent reaction might be the ring opening of a lactone followed by protonation or hydrogen abstraction. Crystal violet lactone and malachite green lactone are typical examples of the color precursor. Other examples include 6-(dimethylamino)-3,3-bis 4- dimethylamino)phenyl!-1(3H)-isobenzofuranone, 3,3-Bis 4-(dimethylamino)phenyl!-1(3H)-isobenzofuranone, 2'- bis(phenylmethyl)amino!-6'-(diethylamino)-3'-methyl 2'-phenylamino-spiro isobenzofuran-1(3H), 9'- 9H!xanthen!-3-one, 3- bis(4-octylphenyl)amino!-3- 4-dimethylamino)phenyl!-1(3H)-isobenzofuranone, 3,3-bis(1-butyl-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-1(3H)-isobenzofuranone, or 3,3-bis(1-octyl-2-methyl-1H-indo-3-yl)-1(3H)-isobenzofuranone and an onium salt. Other examples include triphenylacetonitrile and triphenylcarbinol. The onium salt is preferably an iodonium or sulfonium salt.

Triphenylmethanes, such as triphenylcyanomethane, when exposed to light will generate a colored triphenylmethane carbocation. The triphenylmethanes can also be used in conjunction with an oxidizing agent, for example molecular oxygen or with compounds which generates an oxidizing agent which, in turn, oxidizes the triphenylmethane and generates the colored species. Typical photosensitive oxidizing agents include onium salts such as iodonium, sulfonium and the like, transition metals, iron salts, uranyl salts, etc. used in the absence or the presence of an oxidizing species such as hydrogen peroxide.

Another photoresponsive composition is a leuco dye and a photosensitive acid generator such as a diazo ketone or nitrobenzaldehyde. Color precursors and leuco dyes can also be photoinduced to change color in the presence of oxidizing agents such as transition metal compounds such as ferrous salts and uranyl salts.

Fluorescent probes and analogous solvatochromic compounds can also be used to differentially color a three-dimensional object in accordance with the invention. It is known that the emission spectra of a fluorescent probe is altered by changes in its microenvironment, such as the viscosity of the medium surrounding the probe. This property is used to monitor the degree of cure and other properties of a polymeric coating as described in U.S. application Ser. No. 08/461,644 filed Jun. 5, 1995. Jager, W. T.; Volkers, A. A.; Neckers, D. C. "Solvatochromic Fluorescent Probes for Monitoring Polymerization of Dimethacrylates" Macromolecules, 1995, 27, 8153-8158; 198, and references cited therein. Neckers, D. C.; Jager, W.; Lungu, A.; Popielarz, R. "Analytical Methodology for Polyoacrylate Networks", ACS Photopolymer Symposia, PMSE Preprints, 1996, 74, 352, 3; Wang, Z. J.; Song, J. C.; Bao, R.; Neckers, D. C., "Fluorescence Probes for Monitoring Polymerization Processes", J. Polym. Sci., Polm. Physics Ed., 1996, 34, 325-333; Song, J. C.; Torres-Filho, A.; Neckers, D. C. "Intramolecular Charge Transfer Complexes as Fluorescence Probes for UV and Visible Light Induced Acrylate Polymerization", Radtech Proceedings, 1994, 1, 338; Navy Technical Report No. 4. By subjecting the model to radiation which differentially cures or crosslinks the polymer matrix, color changes can be produced in a model. For example, a fluorescent probe of the type described in the aforementioned application, such as 1-(N,N-dimethylamino)-5-N-butylsulfonamidonaphthalene, dansylamide or N,N-dibutyldansylamide can be incorporated in a photocurable composition and subjected to laser exposure to form models using conventional stereolithographic techniques. By differentially curing the model in the cured areas, i.e., by producing areas in which the polymer is more rigid than other areas, the emission spectra of the probe is differentially shifted thereby resulting in areas of the model which are differentially colored. Particularly useful compounds are twisted intramolecular charge transfer emitters as described in the aforementioned application and Neckers et al. papers.

In addition to differentially coloring the model through changing the degree of cure of the photopolymer composition, fluorescent probes and solvatochromic compounds, such as 4-dimethylamino-4'-nitrostilbene, will also exhibit a photochromic shift in response to a change in the nature of the polymer, such as a change from a less ionic to a more ionic state. For example, poly 2- N,N-dimethyl, N-(p-benzoyl)benzylammonium(triphenyl-n-butylborate)! ethyl acrylate on exposure with 365 nm light undergoes cleavage of the p-benzoylbenzyl groups exposing the cationic N,N-dimethyl amino ethyl function. Accordingly, by exposing a matrix including such a polymer differentially to radiation, the matrix can be modified to include regions which are more ionic than other regions and the emission spectra of the photoresponsive agent in these areas is shifted from the spectra of the agent in other areas.

Compounds which undergo an ionic reorganization will also produce a color change in response to a change in the ionic character of the matrix. Examples of compounds which change emission spectra by ionizing differently as a function of their environment include the xanthene dyes Rose Bengal, Eosin, erythrosin, fluorescein and the like, the pyridinium and quinoline dyes such as those used as charge resonance probes 1(p-dimethylaminophenyl)-4(3-ethylpyridinium) butadiene tetrafluoroborate, 1(p-dimethylaminophenyl)-2-(1-ethylbenzothiazolium)butadiene tosylate, 1(p-dimethylaminophenyl)-2-(2-ethylpyridinium) ethylene iodide and 1(p-dimethylaminophenyl)-2-(2-ethylquinolinium) ethylene iodide.

Additional examples of photoresponsive probes include stilbenes and azastilbenes such as dimethylaminonitrostilbene. The trans-isomers of the stilbenes generally absorb at longer wavelengths and are thermodynamically stable.

The literature also includes numerous examples of photochromic dissociation reactions. Among examples of these compounds are the exposure of substituted quinone ethers to form colored quinones with a generation of an alkyl radical. For example, the exposure of a substituted alkylbenzoquinonether to 200-400 nm light results in the generation of the colored benzoquinone in accordance with the following equation: ##STR3##

Useful examples are benzoquinone ethers, an anthraquinone ethers, a phenanthraquinone ethers, or a naphtho quinone ether. A particularly preferred alkylbenzoquinonether is benzoquinone dibenzyl ether, anthraquinone dibenzyl ether, phenathraquinone dibenzyl ether or naphthaquinone dibenzyl ether.

Not substantially different than dissociation reactions are photodecomposition reactions. There are a number of peroxides which will dissociate upon exposure to light with the generation of a colored entity. For example, photodecomposition of rubrene peroxide yields the highly colored rubrene molecule. Of course, this reaction also has its reverse; the formation of the colorless peroxide from the colored dye by reaction of the dye with oxygen usually catalyzed by a sensitizer.

Certain photoinduced ligand exchanges also are useful in developing color. Among ligand exchanges known in the art is the porphyrin/phthalocyanine system and the Cr(CO)₆ /Cr(CO)₅ system.

One set of examples of ligand exchange chemistry is the porphyrin and phthalocyanine complex chemistry. The ligand attached to the metal complexed to the porphyrin can be released as a function of radiation exposure. Another example is chromium hexacarbonyl; which when irradiated releases carbon monoxide to form the deeply yellow colored chromium pentacarbonyl. This is permanent if the CO escapes the matrix.

Fulgides are also well known photoresponsive compounds. These compounds are derivatives of dimethylene-succinic anhydride substituted with an aromatic ring. The open compounds are colorless while exposure produces cyclization and a strongly colored blue compound. ##STR4##

In another embodiment of the invention, a combination of photobleachable photoinitiators is used to harden the photohardenable composition. The radiation which is used to harden a preselected portion of the model is selected based upon the color which is desired in that portion of the model. That is, by selecting a radiation which bleaches one of the photoinitiators in the photohardenable composition, the photohardenable composition will be hardened by radicals or other reactive species generated by the bleached photoinitiator while the unbleached photoinitiator colors the layer in the hardened area. In other portions of the model in which another color is desired, the photohardenable layer is hardened by exposure to radiation which bleaches another of the photoinitiators causing it to harden the layer while the remaining photoinitiator(s) color the layer.

In a particular embodiment of the invention, a photocurable X-Y layer containing a monomer, a diazo compound and a photoinitiator is irradiated with visible light to harden it in those areas corresponding to the solid areas of the three-dimensional object. After each X-Y layer is formed, those portions of the X-Y layer in which color is not desired are irradiated with ultraviolet radiation. The X-Y layer is then treated with ammonia vapor analogous to treatments used in blueprinting to selectively color the unirradiated areas. Diazo compounds useful in this embodiment of the invention are well known in the art and include those compounds used in conventional blue printing. The ammonia gas treatment can be carried out by conducting irradiation in a chamber which can be flooded with ammonia gas following exposure.

In accordance with another embodiment of the invention, microcapsules or microparticles containing color formers or color precursors are prepared. The walls of the microcapsules may be formed from a photodecomposable wall-forming polymer as described in Japanese patent publication 52-34488 (Sep. 3, 1977). Alternatively, photosoftenable microparticles may be formed from photosoftenable compositions as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,788,125; or the color former may be microencapsulated with a photodecomposable agent that ruptures the microcapsule wall as described in Japanese Publication 44-17733 (Aug. 4, 1969). By incorporating the color former into a photosensitive microcapsule or a photosensitive microparticle as described in the aforementioned references, a color former which would otherwise not be photoresponsive is rendered photoresponsive. By exposing the microcapsule or microparticle to actinic radiation after hardening the X-Y layer, the wall of the capsule or the particle decomposes and the color former is released. As in the case of the photoresponsive agents, the sensitivity of the microcapsules or microparticles must be distinct from that of the photohardenable composition such that the color precursor can be selectively released independent of the hardening of the X-Y layer.

In a more specific manifestation of the embodiment, the photohardenable composition may contain multiple sets of microcapsules or microparticles which individually contain different color formers. For example, three sets of microcapsules or microparticles respectively containing cyan, magenta and yellow color formers may be used to produce models having elements individually colored any number of different colors or which may be colored an authentic color. For example, microcapsules or microparticles can be prepared which will decompose or soften upon exposure to distinct bands of radiation. After hardening the X-Y layer, the cyan, magenta and yellow microcapsules or microparticles can be selectively exposed to distinct bands of radiation in selected areas of the X-Y layer in order to produce a desired color in a desired portion of the X-Y layer. For example, in those portions of the X-Y layer which are within elements in which a yellow color is desired, the layer would be exposed to radiation which decomposes the yellow color former-containing microcapsules or microparticles. This portion of the X-Y layer would not be exposed to radiation which decomposes the cyan-containing or magenta-containing microcapsules or microparticles. At the same time, in those areas of the X-Y layer corresponding to elements in which red is desired, the layer would be exposed to radiation which decomposes the magenta-containing and yellow-containing microcapsules or microparticles without exposing those areas to radiation which decomposes the cyan-containing microcapsules or microparticles.

Color formers are essentially colorless compounds. Typically they are colored by reaction with an acid or a base. Accordingly, to color the color former released from the microcapsule or microparticle, an acid or basic compound must be incorporated in the photohardenable composition. Alternatively, where the polymer formed is acid or basic, it may function as a developer for the color former. Useful examples of color formers are well known in the art and can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,399,209.

In accordance with yet another embodiment of the invention, the photohardenable composition contains a combination of two or more photobleachable initiators. In accordance with this embodiment, the X-Y layer can be selectively colored by subtracting out color from the layer as the X-Y layer is formed. In this case, the X-Y layer is not uniformly exposed to the same wavelength of radiation in order to harden it. Rather, each portion of the layer is exposed to a wavelength selected based upon the color which is desired in that particular portion of the X-Y layer. In one manifestation of this embodiment of the invention, a combination of cyan, magenta and yellow photobleachable initiators is used. These photoinitiators bleach as they initiate polymerization. In one class of photobleachable initiators, polymerization is initiated by a reductive electron transfer (Chesneau and Neckers, J. Photochem, 42, 269 (1988)) which produces the initiating radical intermediate and, in the process, the photoinitiators lose their color.

A subtractive color separation model for the formation of a three-dimensional object in authentic color is thus possible. A monomer mixture containing cyan, magenta and yellow photoinitiator dyes which bleach as they form photopolymer is prepared. Their absorptions must be carefully matched such that they can be individually activated and bleached. Initiation is triggered by radiation tuned to the respective cyan, magenta or yellow absorbing wavelength. Computer input controls the wavelength, power and duration of the irradiation step to thereby control not only the formation of the X-Y layer but also the color of each portion thereof. For example, if initiation is triggered by the yellow absorbing initiator, polymer formation produces a blue object at this point. If the initiation is triggered by a magenta initiator, polymer formation produces a green object at the point. If initiation is triggered by a cyan absorbing dye, the area is orange. Thus, in accordance with the present invention, a three-dimensional authentic color photograph can be prepared using a plurality (typically, three or four) of different bleachable photoinitiators and a like number of actinic radiation sources such as lasers to activate the bleachable photoinitiators. Examples of initiators useful in this embodiment of the invention include dye borate initiators described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,772,541, fluorones described in European Published Patent Application No. 92304501.7 and the benzospiropyrans described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,230,986 issued Jul. 27, 1993.

In still another embodiment of the invention, selected portions or elements of a model can be colored by selectively entrapping or reacting a dye into the polymer at points where the color is desired. For example, a reactive colored dye monomer such as Rose Bengal acrylate, the acrylate ester of 3-hydroxy Rose Bengal can be copolymerized with the polymerizable monomer during polymerization to selectively deposit the colored monomer in those portions of the X-Y layer where color is desired. That is, by depositing a reactive dye on the X-Y layer in those areas of the X-Y layer in which color is desired and irradiating the layer immediately after deposition of the dye, the dye becomes locked into the X-Y layer in those areas in which it is deposited. Alternatively, non-reactive dyes can be deposited on the layer in an analogous fashion prior to hardening the X-Y layer. Subsequent polymerization of the X-Y layer entraps the dye producing the desired coloration. The use of non-reactive dyes may be compatible with the formation of three-dimensional objects using the Blumenthal process, however, problems of bleeding or spreading may be encountered with stereolithographic processes wherein the X-Y layer is subsequently immersed in the photohardenable composition as the platform is lowered in the Z direction.

Examples of other reactive dyes which can be used in accordance with this embodiment of the invention include any dye which is modified to include a vinyl group. Examples of non-reactive dyes are readily available in the art.

From the standpoint of producing selective coloration, the composition of the photohardenable composition is not particularly critical. Examples of monomers, oligomers, and photoinitiators useful in photohardenable compositions are described in European publication No. 0 393 672 to DuPont and U.S. Pat. No. 4,575,330, to Hull.

In yet another manifestation of the invention, an indicator and a photosensitive acid generator or photosensitive base generator is incorporated into the photohardenable composition and upon irradiation, an acid or base is generated which produces a change in Ph which causes the indicator dye to undergo a change in color. For example, 2-nitrobenzaldehyde and diazoketones are photosensitive acid generators. Nitrobenzaldehyde is converted to 2-nitrobenzoic acid upon irradiation with UV light. Generally, the yield of photoacid is proportional to the exposure time and light intensity. Preferably, the photosensitive composition contains a hydrophilic polymer since the polymers generally contain a small amount of water which is indispensable for proton transfer from the acid to the indicator dye. One advantage in using this method is that the formed color generally has a fairly high photostability. It is believed that this stability is due to continued formation of acid (or base) under normal room light. Any conventional indicator dye can be used in the invention including leuco dyes used in carbonless paper and conventional acid base indicators. A combination of methyl red or bromothymol blue and 2-nitrobenzaldehyde, particularly in poly(vinyl alcohol) is useful.

Base generation can also be used to trigger photochromic events. Aryldiazaonium salts react with naphthols in the presence of base according to the following formula: ##STR5##

The base can be generated by a number of photochemical processes known to those skilled in the art. See, for example, Hassoon et al. "Photochemistry of Benzophenonemethyl-tri-n-butylammionium Triphenylbutylborate: Inter and Intra-Ion-Pair Electron Photoreduction Electron Transfer," Jr. Amer. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 11369. For use in the above reaction, the strength of the base generated must be sufficient to deprotonate the naphthol. This also will be familiar to those skilled in the art.

In accordance with a further embodiment of the invention, tactile characteristics of selected portions of the three-dimensional model are modified. In accordance with this embodiment of the invention, the degree of crosslinking is increased in selected areas of the X-Y layer to produce a tactile difference. One of the principal applications for the present invention is in the preparation of three-dimensional anatomical models. It would be desirable in preparing these models to alter the tactile characteristics of certain portions of the model so as to mimic the different touch, texture or resilience of various anatomical features. For example, in preparing a model of the knee, it would be desirable to form the bone of a highly crosslinked essentially inelastic polymer and to form the ligaments from a more elastic polymer.

One technique for imparting different tactile characteristics to the model is to irradiate the X-Y layer to produce a first level of crosslinking in the polymer forming the layer. Subsequently, additional crosslinking can be introduced into selected portions of the layer by additional exposure. Alternatively, differences in the degree of crosslinking which result in different tactile characteristics may be produced by modulating the intensity of the laser beam as the X-Y layer is scanned.

One possible chemistry for use in achieving tactile differences through adjusting degree of crosslinking is based on oxime acrylates and is described in detail in Kumar, G. S., and Neckers, D. C., "Laser-induced Three Dimensional Photopolymerization Using Visible Initiators and UV Cross-Linking by Photosensitive Monomers" Macromolecules Vol. 24, No. 15, p 4322 (1991). Oxime acrylates have absorption maxima in the UV range. The paper describes a study of photopolymerization of oxime acrylates with visible initiators using an argon ion laser and photocrosslinking of pendant groups using He-Cd UV laser or a high pressure mercury vapor lamp. Thus, the X-Y layer in this embodiment may be polymerized by scanning with a visible light laser and a second scan with a UV laser can be used to modify the degree of crosslinking and to produce a tactile difference.

EXAMPLE 1

Twenty one milligrams (1×10⁻³ M) 1,3-dihydro-6',8'-dichloro-1-hexyl-3,3-dimethyl spiro 2H-indole-2,2'- 3H!benzopyran (SP1) was dissolved in 5 g ethanol/polyethylene glycol 400 diacitate (PEAG) (1:1) and mixed with a standard photocurable composition (4.9 mg (2×10⁻⁴ M) 5,7-diiodo-3-ethoxy-6-fluorone (DIEF), 205 mg (2×10⁻² M) N,N-dimethyl-2,6-diisopropylaniline, 20 g trimethylolpropane triacrylate, 20 g dipentaerythritol penta-acrylate, and 5 g polyethylene glycol 400 diacetate) for 30 minutes in a Supersonic mixer. The mixture was then scanned with 514 nm argon laser in a stereolithography apparatus (SLA) to form a polymeric layer. A 325 nm He-Cd laser was used to activate the SP1 dye and produce a yellow color (λ max=606 nm) in the polymeric layer. A two-color polymeric model was formed by scanning the composition with 514 nm and 325 nm lasers, respectively, in the stereolithography apparatus. To intensify the coloration, the image was scanned 15 times. A model was found having blue components and yellow components.

EXAMPLE 2

Twenty three milligrams (1×10⁻³ M) 1,3-dihydro-6-nitro-8'-bromo-1-hexyl-3,3-dimethyl spiro 2H-indole-2,2'- 3H!benzopyran! (SP2) was dissolved in 5 g ethanol/PEGA and mixed with the standard photocurable composition as in Example 1. After scanning the mixture to form a polymeric layer, a 325 nm He-Cd laser was used to activate the SP2 dye and form a magenta color (λ max=558) in the polymeric layer. A model having pink and white colored components was formed.

The color optical density of SP1 and SP2 (Examples 1 and 2, respectively) were observed at their maximum absorption wavelength 606 and 558, respectively, and the data shown in Table 1 is the optical density of formed color before (scan time equal zero) and after scanning with 325 nm laser up to 15 times.

As illustrated in FIG. 1, the color optical density for the spiropyran compounds increased dramatically after each scan during the first 10 scans and appeared to level off until reaching equilibrium at about 15 scans.

                  TABLE 1                                                          ______________________________________                                         Relation of color formation with exposure for spiropyran compounds             Scan Times                                                                     0        1      2      4    6    8    10   12   15                             ______________________________________                                         sp1-1 .0306  .1916  .2329                                                                               .3582                                                                               .4009                                                                               .4559                                                                               .4810                                                                               .4948                                                                               .4991                        sp2-1 .1306  .5898  .8337                                                                               1.118                                                                               1.175                                                                               1.273                                                                               1.328                                                                               1.341                                                                               1.363                        ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 3

Seven hundred milligrams polyvinyl alcohol (molecular weight˜86,000) was dissolved in 20 ml (1:1) boiling water-ethanol solution. 15.2 mg 2-nitrobenzaldehyde (5 mM) and 5.4 mg methyl red indicator (1 mM) were added to the hot solution with stirring until a homogenous solution was formed. An aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide was added to adjust the pH of the solution until the methyl red indicator was in its basic form as indicated by the formation of a light yellow color.

The cooled solution was coated onto a glass slide and dried over night to form a homogenous film having a slightly yellow color. Upon irradiation with 325 nm laser, the film changed color from light yellow to deep red indicating that the irradiation caused the basic methyl red indicator (λ max=428) to change to its acidic form having an absorption peak λ max of 526 nm.

EXAMPLE 4

The procedure of Example 3 was repeated using bromothymol blue indicator in place of methyl red.

Upon irradiation with 325 nm laser, the blue colored film formed from the basic solution changed to a yellow colored film indicating that the irradiation caused the basic bromothymol blue indicator (λ max=614 nm) to change to its acidic form having an absorption peak λ max of 438.

The results of Example 3 and 4 are illustrated in FIG. 2.

EXAMPLE 5

Iragcure 369 (1%) was dissolved in hexanediol diacrylate mixture containing crystal violet lactone (0.2%) and OPPI (0.5%). The film was then irradiated with a 325 nm laser (SLA-250) to form photopolymer. Then the polymerized film was irradiated at high power using a Hg lamp with a filter which eliminated wavelengths greater than 325 nm to color the film blue.

Having described the invention in detail and with reference to particular embodiments thereof, those skilled in the art will appreciate that numerous modifications and variations are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of producing a three-dimensional object having selected elements which are colored differently than other elements of said object comprising the steps of:a. providing a film of a photohardenable composition containing a photoresponsive agent, b. irradiating said film in a cross-sectional pattern of the object to be formed, c. selectively irradiating one or more portions of said cross-sectional pattern corresponding to said selected elements which are desired to be colored differently with radiation which activates said photoresponsive agent, said photoresponsive agent thereby producing color in or removing color from said selected irradiated portions of said cross-sectional pattern, d. repeating said steps a, b and c to form successive adjacent cross-sectional patterns of said object, and e. integrating said cross-sectional patterns together to provide said object, wherein the curing and coloring steps are conducted using actinic radiation.
 2. A method according to claim 1 wherein the curing and coloring steps are conducted using laser actinic radiation.
 3. A method according to claim 1 wherein the curing and coloring steps are conducted using ultraviolet radiation.
 4. A method for producing a three-dimensional object having selected elements which are colored differently than other elements of said object comprising the steps of:a. providing a film of a photohardenable composition containing a photoresponsive agent, b. irradiating said film in a cross-sectional pattern of the object to be formed, c. selectively irradiating one or more portions of said cross-sectional pattern corresponding to said selected elements which are desired to be colored differently with radiation which activates said photoresponsive agent, said photoresponsive agent thereby producing color in or removing color from said selected irradiated portions of said cross-sectional pattern, d. repeating said steps a, b and c to form successive adjacent cross-sectional patterns of said object, and e. integrating said cross-sectional patterns together to provide said object, wherein the curing and coloring steps are conducted using different levels of light energy.
 5. A method according to claim 4 wherein the curing and coloring steps are conducted using laser actinic radiation.
 6. A method according to claim 4 wherein the curing and coloring steps are conducted using ultraviolet radiation. 